The Silent Ally: Germany's Role in the Syriac Genocide, Sayfo

June 15, 2026

The Silent Ally: Germany's Role in the Syriac Genocide, Sayfo

The emergence of the German Empire in Ottoman affairs during the late nineteenth century prioritized strategic necessity over the security of Christian minorities, creating a vacuum of protection that culminated in the Sayfo Genocide. Following the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, Germany pursued an alliance with Sultan Abdul Hamid II. The dispatch of military advisors like Colmar von der Goltz in 1883 and the state visits of Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1889 and 1898 signaled this shift, with the Kaiser proclaiming himself the friend of Muslims to mobilize Ottoman forces against Entente interests.

This partnership was reinforced by economic ambitions like the Baghdad Railway project. German banks and industrialists sought a transcontinental axis to bypass British maritime dominance and help the Sultan extend centralized control into remote eastern vilayets like Diyarbakir. During the Hamidian massacres from 1895 to 1897, Germany maintained a policy of non-intervention. Despite the Kaiser’s private disapproval, official policy avoided destabilizing the Ottoman regime. German specialists like Albert Socin documented that Kurds, with Turkish knowledge, slaughtered Syriac and Armenian Christians without provocation, yet the German press followed the official diplomatic line, prioritizing financial interests over humanitarian concerns.

The diplomatic record from 1915 to 1918 illustrates an exhaustive awareness of the systematic destruction of the Syriac Orthodox, Syriac Catholic, and Chaldean communities. Walter Holstein, the German vice-consul in Mosul, consistently chronicled these atrocities in Diyarbakir province. In June 1915, Holstein reported that Governor Reshid Bey acted with unchecked brutality against Christians, documenting the execution of 700 Christians from Mardin, including Armenian Bishop Maloyan and Syriac notables. Holstein warned that declaring Christians outlaws would have long-term consequences. This reporting was echoed by Walter Rössler in Aleppo, who described the events as reminiscent of the Spanish Inquisition and confirmed that massacres extended indiscriminately to all Christian denominations.

The German military mission provided the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) with the technical expertise for total war, which Ottoman leadership used to eliminate internal ethnic threats. General Otto Liman von Sanders and Lieutenant Bronsart von Schellendorff were deeply embedded in the Ottoman military hierarchy. While Liman von Sanders halted Greek deportations in Smyrna, the military mission largely acquiesced to the genocidal project in the east. Field Marshal Colmar von der Goltz approved the deportation of Syriac and Armenian Christians from border towns for military reasons despite their likely destruction. In Tur Abdin, upon receiving reports that Syriac Christians had fortified themselves in villages like Azakh and Midyat to escape organized massacres, von der Goltz ordered military detachments to restore order, which Ottoman authorities used as a mandate for prolonged sieges.

Active complicity is also found in the logistical and propaganda support provided by the German Intelligence Service for the Orient under Max von Oppenheim, which orchestrated the November 1914 declaration of Jihad. Intended to incite global Muslim rebellion against British and French colonial rule, this religious mobilization provided an ideological justification for Ottoman soldiers and Kurdish irregulars to target indigenous Christians. German military personnel were present during the destruction of Syriac villages on the Nisibin plains and the Urmia plateau. Count Eberhard Wolfskehl actively directed actions against Christians in Urfa as an aide-de-camp to General Fakhri Pasha. While officers like Max von Scheubner-Richter refused to lead troops against Christian villages when they realized occupants were merely seeking cover, they remained part of an expeditionary force that facilitated the broader displacement.

The tension between individual conscience and state policy was pronounced in the humanitarian efforts of missionaries and low-level diplomats. Johannes Lepsius documented the annihilation of Christians and lobbied the German government to intervene, arguing that mass deportations were death warrants. His statistical reports included data on the thousands of Syriac Orthodox, Chaldeans, and Nestorians who disappeared in districts like Mardin and Jezire. In Urfa, Swiss missionary Jakob Künzler witnessed the massacre of 600 Christian men and documented how local Kurds used the victims' blood to write slogans. Despite these accounts, Berlin maintained a stance of absolute non-intervention. Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg explicitly stated that Germany's sole goal was to keep the Ottoman Empire as an ally until the end of the war, regardless of whether the Christian populations perished. German ambassadors who protested vigorously, such as Count Wolff-Metternich, were recalled at the request of Enver Pasha.

Austeria, was known as The Austro-Hungarian Empire then, though a secondary partner, was equally aware of the genocidal nature of Ottoman policy. Ambassador Pallavicini reported to Vienna in November 1915 that Interior Minister Talaat Pasha had admitted the objective was the destruction of all religious and ethnic alien elements in Anatolia. The Austro-Hungarian consulate in Trebizond also provided reports that aligned with British and Russian accounts of mass killings in the mountains of Sasun and the Bitlis vilayet. While the Vatican frequently pressured Vienna to intercede on behalf of Catholics, specifically regarding the public humiliation and murder of the clergy in Mardin and Siirt, the Austrian diplomatic response remained confined to bureaucratic protests. Austrian military plenipotentiaries, such as Joseph Pomiankowski, observed the results of the deportations but framed the mass deaths as an unavoidable consequence of war rather than a state-orchestrated crime.

The role of the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires during the Sayfo was defined by a systematic subordination of human rights to the requirements of Realpolitik. The comprehensive consular record indicates that the destruction of Syriac Christians was not an obscure or accidental byproduct of conflict but a well-monitored project of ethnic homogenization. By providing the military advisors, the technological infrastructure of the Baghdad Railway, and the ideological catalyst of the Jihad, the Central Powers became indispensable partners in the genocidal process. The official silence of Berlin and Vienna, maintained in the face of exhaustive evidence provided by their own agents on the ground, represents a decisive omission that allowed the Committee for Union and Progress to execute the extermination of the Syriac nation with international impunity.